- Excessive technical management investment
- Increasing system complexity
- Workforce turbulence
- Poor initial program formulation
- Inconsistent requirements management
Challenges to the application of System Engineering within the DoD include which of the following:
Answers:
Challenges to the application of System Engineering within the DoD include all of the following EXCEPT:
Thanks for the update answer Chierl
Wrong Answers:
Wrong Answers:
- Excessive technical management investment
- Inconsistent requirements management
- Increasing system complexity
- Workforce turbulence
- Poor initial program formulation
The DoD’s Defense Acquisition Guidebook’s definition of Systems Engineering includes all of the following elements EXCEPT:
Answer
- A process performed solely by defense contractors
- An interdisciplinary approach
- Total lifecycle balanced set of solutions
- Encompasses the entire technical effort
- Involves system, people and process solutions
The Systems Engineering ‘V’ Model includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer:
- Is a set of tasks to be performed in strict sequential order
- Is a structure based on a hierarchy of layered systems models
- Provides a basis for bottom-up product realization
- Provides a basis for top-down design
What is the likely order of these ‘top-down’ design Technical Processes when initially used?
Answer:
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition, Requirements Analysis and Architecture Design
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition, Architecture Design, Requirements Analysis
- Architecture Design, Requirements Analysis and Stakeholder Requirements Definition
- Architecture Design, Stakeholder Requirements Definition and Requirements Analysis
- Requirements Analysis, Architecture Design and Stakeholder Requirements Definition
In this phase of the Defense Acquisition Lifecycle, Systems Engineering activities are focused on continued trade studies working toward a final System Specification and the maturation of key critical technologies.
Answer:
- Technology Development
- Materiel Solution Analysis
- Operations and Support
- Engineering and Manufacturing Development
- Technology Development
- Production and Deployment
In this phase of the Defense Acquisition Lifecycle, Systems Engineering activities are focused on production of program-unique specifications and ultimately the initial production baseline.
Answer:
- Engineering and Manufacturing Development
- Materiel Solution Analysis
- Production and Deployment
- Technology Development
- Operations and Support
Which one of these is typically the initial Technical Process to be applied in ‘top-down’ design?
Answer:
Stakeholder Requirements Definition
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition
- Requirements Management
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition
- Integration
- Verification
- Architecture Design
A specification that “specifies design requirements, such as materials to be used, how a requirement is to be achieved, or how an item is to be fabricated or constructed” is an example of a(n):
Answer:
- Detail Specification
- System Specification
- Performance Specification
- System Segment Specification
Which phase of the Defense Acquisition Lifecycle has outputs that include validation of the manufacturing processes and confirmation that End Products are being produced in accordance with the specified manufacturing processes?
Answer:
- Production and Deployment
- Materiel Solution Analysis
- Technology Development
- Operations and Support
- Engineering and Manufacturing Development
A System Specification is an example of a:
Answer:
- Program-unique specification (Thanks to William Bush for the help)
- Detail specification
- Program-unique specification
- Item Specification
- Military specification
Which one of these is typically the final Technical Process to be applied in ‘bottom up’ product realization?
Answer:
- Integration
- Architecture Design
- Transition
- Validation
- Verification
An “aggregation of End Products and Enabling Products to achieve a given purpose” best characterizes:
Answer:
- A system encompassing both operational products and related lifecycle support products
- The first two levels of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
- Subsystems and their enabling system structure elements
- The set of lifecycle functions needed to dispose of a product at the end of its useful life
Efforts are focused on continued trade studies working toward a final System Specification and demonstration of design maturity during the _____ phase.
Answer:
- Technology Development
- Materiel Solution Analysis
- Engineering and Manufacturing Development
- Operations and Support
Which phase has outputs that include validation of the manufacturing processes and confirmation that End Products are being manufactured in accordance with the specified manufacturing processes?
Answer:
- Production and Deployment
- Operations and Support
- Materiel Solution Analysis
- Engineering and Manufacturing Development
The Architecture Design Technical Process has nearly been completed on the XYZ system. As a result, Derived Technical Requirements were baselined that pertain to one of the XYZ proposed subsystems, Subsystem ABC. These have resulted in the initiation of the Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process for Subsystem ABC. Meanwhile, Technical Process activities continue at the XYZ system level. This is an example of _____.
Answer:
- Process Recursion
- Process Iteration
- Both Process Recursion and Iteration
- Process Incursion
The Requirements Analysis Technical Process has been completed on a portion of the XYZ system. However, an In-Progress Review (IPR) of the work products indicated that many Technical Requirements were not adequately considered in development of the functional architecture. Consequently, a decision was made to redo Requirements Analysis using these additional missing Technical Requirements. This is an example of _____.
Answer:
- Process Iteration
- Process Recursion
- Both Process Recursion and Iteration
- Neither Process Recursion nor Iteration
Which of the following statements is true?
Answer:
- Realization of system model end products should be accomplished from the bottom up so as to find and correct problems at the lowest possible level.
- The design of systems should be accomplished from the bottom up so as to capture all components.
- Realization of a system should be from the top down so as to develop requirements in a logical order.
Which of the following statements about the application of the Systems Engineering 'V' Model are correct?
Answers:
- It addresses both End Products and Enabling Products.
- It can be used to structure Systems Engineering activities within the context of the phases of the acquisition life cycle.
- It generates specifications that are flowed down as requirements for lower system models.
- It generates realized End Products that ultimately get transitioned to the user.
- Verification and Validation Plans are generated as part of Bottom-Up Product Realization activities.
Which of the following statements about a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is correct?
Answer:
- It is a product-oriented family tree composed of hardware, software, services, data and facilities.
- It is used to consistently link program and contracting reporting activities.
- It is a distinct product not at all related to a ‘system model’.
- Use of the WBS is mandated by a prescriptive military standard.
A system model can be used to assist in _____.
Answers:
- Orchestrating incremental reviews
- Structuring IPT team assignments
- Developing specifications
Each of the following items could be an Enabling Product for an automobile except _____.
Answer:
- Transmission
- Engine diagnostic system
- Disk brake adjustment tool
- Model repair manual
Which of the following statements about End Products are correct?
Answers:
- They have ‘-ilities’ designed in.
- They perform the operational functions required by a customer.
- They are defined by customer need.
- They enable Enabling Products to be realized and used.
Which of the following statements about Enabling Products are correct?
Answers:
- They enable End Products to be realized and used.
- They may constrain the End Product in some way.
- They perform the operational functions required by a customer.
- Except for minor differences, they are synonymous with End Products.
Each of the following is a possible role for a Systems Engineering standard except _____.
Answer:
- Being mandated contractually for DoD projects
- Acting as a baseline for process assessment
- Providing a basis for more effective communications
- Establishing and standardizing internal processes
A maturity model such as the Capability Maturity Model, Integrated (CMMI) is useful for:
Answer:
- Unknown (Please post a comment if you have the answer)
- Providing a national consensus set of Systems Engineering practices
- Determining the capability of an organization to do Systems Engineering
- Providing detailed, step-by-step information on how to do Systems Engineering
- Helping a project manager write a Systems Engineering Plan (SEP)
Roles that can be played by industry and national Systems Engineering standards include all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer:
- Contractual imposition by the government
- Helping to standardize vocabularies
- As a way to gain insight into a developer’s practices
- Providing a baseline for assessment
Each of the following is a possible role for a Systems Engineering standard except _____.
Answer:
- Being mandated contractually for DoD projects
- Acting as a baseline for process assessment
- Providing a basis for more effective communications
- Establishing and standardizing internal processes
Key commercial Systems Engineering standards include _____.
Answer:
- EIA 632, IEEE 1220 and ISO/IEC 15288
- MIL-STD 498, MIL-STD 499A and MIL-STD-499B
- MIL-STD 1521B
- MIL-HDBK 961, SE Standard Practices
- EIA 667, IEEE 1946 and ISO/IEC 12207
- IEEE 12207.1 and DoD-STD 2167A
Which of the following are Systems Engineering Technical Processes that are used for designing systems? Select the three correct answers.
Answers:
- Requirements Analysis Process
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process
- Architecture Design Process
- Validation Process
- Verification Process
Which of the following IS NOT one of the Systems Engineering Technical Process used for system design or product realization?
Answer:
- Requirements Managment Process
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process
- Interface Management Process
- Architecture Design Process
- Verification Process
- Transition Process
The primary objective of the Technical Assessment Process is to provide the basis for evaluation and selection of technical alternatives
Answer:
- False
This process provides visibility to 'where we are' and 'where we are going' in terms of the application of Technical Processes. Key tools used in Technical Assessment include Technical Reviews, Earned Value Management (EVM) and Technical Performance Measurement (TPM)
Which of the following is correct concerning the various Systems Engineering Technical Management Processes?
Answer:
- They are key to managing the overall technical effort
- They are used extensively in system design
- Product “realization” uses them to field a product
- “Architecture Design” is the most important of the Technical Management Processes
Which of the following best summarizes the Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process, one of the Systems Engineering Technical Processes?
Answer:
- To translate stakeholder needs into technical requirements
- To provide traceability ultimately back to user-defined capabilities
- To plan for, acquire, access, manage, protect, and use data of a technical nature.
- To examine the technical risks of deviating from the program plan.
Which of the following is correct regarding Systems Engineering Technical Processes?
Answer:
- To translate stakeholder needs into technical requirements
- They are used to manage the overall technical effort
- They are used for designing systems and for product realization
- Different ones are used for different types of DoD systems
- “Technical Planning” is a key Technical Process
- To provide traceability ultimately back to user-defined capabilities
- To plan for, acquire, access, manage, protect, and use data of a technical nature.
- To examine the technical risks of deviating from the program plan.
If a contractor is producing missiles for the Navy, and the contractor fails to deliver them on time, the Navy has the right to:
Answer:
- Unknown (Please post a comment if you have the answer)
The primary difference between the supervisory leader and the participative leader is the participative leader ____________.
Answer:
- Gets inputs for decisions
If a contractor is producing missiles for the Navy, and the contractor fails to deliver them on time, the Navy has the right to:
Answer:
- Terminate the contract for default
Which of the following is a problem that could likely be minimized through good deployment planning?
Answer:
- Inadequate training
Which of the following tends to be a typical recurring deployment problem when effective deployment planning is not accomplished?
Answer:
- Modifications made to the system
RFP Preperations Part 2 Summary
The following learning objectives are covered in this unit:
- Identify the aspects of the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) as it applies to acquisition of Information Technology (e.g., interoperability, architecture, reuse).
- Identify the policy and concepts involved in the acquisition of data rights.
- Identify key laws and software acquisition management policies and practices that are required for the acquisition of a DoD software-intensive system.
- Identify "Best Practices" that may be appropriate for the acquisition of software-intensive systems.
- Identify key discriminators for selecting the most capable software developer.
- Identify DoD policy regarding Basic Quality Systems and the role of ISO 9001.
1. As a result of acquisition reform in 1994, the ISO 9001 series of International Quality Standards has been implemented by many contractors, shifting the focus to preventing problems in quality rather than repairing them after they have occurred. DoD guidance allows contractors to use the quality assurance process of their choice, as long as it meets program objectives and
- Establishescapable processes
- Continuously improves processes
- Monitors and controls critical processes and product variation
- Has feedback mechanisms in place to assess field product performance
- Implements effective root cause analysis and corrective action systems
2. There are special risks associated with the acquisition of a software-intensive system. As a result, DoD guidance states that it is preferable for software developers to:
- Have a successful past performance record, experience in the domain or product line, a mature software development process, and evidence of adequate training in software development tools and environments.
- Develop system architectures that support open system concepts, exploit existing commercial products, and provide for incremental improvements based on modular, reusable and extensible software.
- Identify and exploit software reuse opportunities before beginning new development initiatives.
- Select a programming language based on overall life-cycle costs, risks, and interoperability potential.
- Use DoD standard data.
- Use a software measurement process to plan and track the software development program.
- Organization and resource management
- Software and Systems engineering process and management
- Tools and techniques
- Software development expertise
The Government can also use the SCAMPI to assess the maturity of their internal acquisition processes. SCAMPI rates an organization on a 5-level scale:
- Level 1: Initial : The software acquisition process is characterized as ad hoc and occasionally even chaotic.
- Level 2: Managed : Basic software acquisition project management processes are established to plan all aspects of the acquisition process.
- Level 3: Defined : The acquisition organization's software acquisition process is documented and standardized.
- Level 4: Quantitatively Managed : Detailed measures of the software acquisition processes, products, and services are collected.
- Level 5: Optimizing : Continuous process improvement is empowered by quantitative feedback from the process and from piloting innovative ideas and technologies.
The CMMI models can be used throughout the acquisition lifecycle by industry as well as Government.
4. DoD has identified a number of key best practices to follow in the acquisition of software. They include:
- Identify and manage risk continuously throughout the life of the system
- Estimate cost and schedule empirically
- Use metrics to monitor risk, identify problems, and base decisions
- Track earned value
- Establish quality targets and track defects against those targets
- Treat people as your most important resource
- Implement a sound configuration management process
- Manage and trace requirements to the lowest level
- Use system-based software design to document and evaluate the process
- Ensure data and database interoperability
- Define and control all internal and external interfaces
- Design twice, code once
- Address the risks of reusing existing software, whether commercial or non-development items
- Inspect requirements and design; subject configuration management products to formal inspection
- Conduct continuous testing based on plans, pass-fail criteria, and traceable procedures
- Compile and smoke test frequently
5. In today's military environment, systems must be interoperable in order to be effective; that is, they must be able to exchange data. To ensure interoperability, all systems acquired by DoD that will produce, use, and exchange information must be consistent with the Joint Technical Architecture (JTA). The JTA provides a common set of mandatory standards for information processing, transfer, modeling, interfaces, and systems security.
In addition to compliance with JTA, all command, control, communications, computers and intelligence (C4I) systems, regardless of ACAT, must undergo a two-step oversight process to ensure all interoperability capabilities are identified and met:
- Interoperability Capability Certification - This process, based on the capability needs identified by the user in the ICD and CDD/CPD, ensures that we consider interoperability from the very beginning. Before the capabilities can be approved for a C4I system, the J-6 section of the Joint Chiefs of Staff must certify that interoperability capabilities are identified and consistent with joint policy, architectural integrity, and interoperability standards.
- Interoperability Certification : This process is used to demonstrate, based on tests conducted in the field, that interoperability capabilities have been met. The Joint Interoperability Test Command (JITC) issues a Letter of Certification to document that the required level of interoperability was achieved.
6. The Government should only acquire the rights to data, software, and other documentation necessary to meet its minimum needs. Data rights fall under the following categories:
- Unlimited rights : If the Government has funded the entire development of an item, then it is entitled to unlimited rights to use, duplicate, or disclose technical data for any purpose.
- Limited rights : If a contractor has developed an item entirely at its own expense, then the government is only entitled to limited rights, within the Government itself, and normally cannot release the data to other parties outside the Government.
- Restricted rights : These rights only apply to noncommercial computer software, and are similar to limited rights. An example would be restricting usage of a computer program to only one computer at a time.
- Government Purpose Rights - When technical data is developed with mixed funding (part contractor and part government), government purpose rights allow the Government to use the technical data for Government purposes as described in limited rights and for other purposes such as competition, but not for commercial applications. Government purpose rights are automatically effective for five years and revert to Unlimited Rights upon expiration of the five-year period.
What ordering of Technical Processes best completes this process list? Select the best order.
Integration, ________________, ________________, ________________.
Answer:
Answer:
- Verification, Validation, Transition
- Transition, Validation, Verification
- Validation, Verification, Transition
- Requirements Analysis, Stakeholder Requirements Definition, Architecture Design
- Implementation, Verification, Validation
What ordering of Technical Processes best completes this process list? Select the best order.
_____________, Requirements Analysis, _______________, Implementation
Answer:
Answer:
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition, Architecture Design
- Transition, Validation
- Verification, Validation
- Requirements Management, Interface Management
Which of the following best defines Requirements Management, one of the Systems Engineering Technical Management processes?
Answer:
- It provides traceability, ultimately back to user-defined capabilities
- It is used to plan for, acquire, access, manage, protect and use data of a technical nature
- It is used to examine the technical risks of deviating from the program plan
- It provides the basis for evaluating and selecting alternatives when decisions need to be made
Each of the following is a Systems Engineering Technical Management Process except _____.
Answers:
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process
- Transition Process
- Decision Analysis Process
- Interface Management Process
- Technical Planning Process
Each of the following is a Systems Engineering Technical Process used for designing systems except for _____.
Answer:
- Technical Planning Process
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process
- Requirements Analysis Process
- Architecture Design Process
Which of the following statements about the various Technical Management Processes used in Systems Engineering is correct?
Answer:
- They are key to managing the overall technical effort
- They are used extensively in system design
- Product 'realization' uses them to field a product
- Architecture Design is the most important of the Technical Management Processes
- None of these responses is correct
Which of the following are Systems Engineering Technical Processes used for realizing system products?
Answers:
- Integration Process
- Verification Process
- Validation Process
- Transition Process
- Architecture Design Process
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process
Which of the following are Systems Engineering Technical Processes used for designing systems?
Answers:
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process
- Requirements Analysis Process
- Architecture Design Process
- Transition Process
- Verification Process
- Integration Process
Which of the following is not a Systems Engineering Technical Process used for system design and product realization?
Answer:
- Requirements Management Process
- Transition Process
- Verification Process
- Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process
- Architecture Design Process
Which of the following statements about the various Technical Processes used in Systems Engineering is correct?
Answer:
- They are used for designing systems and for product realization
- They are used to manage the overall technical effort
- 'Decision Analysis' is a key Technical Process
- Different ones are used for different types of DoD systems
The term 'realization' as used in Systems Engineering encompasses _____.
Answers:
- Verifying and validating the product
- Providing the physical design solution in an appropriate form
- Transitioning the product, ultimately to the customer
- None of these responses is correct
Challenges to the application of System Engineering within the DoD include all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer:
- Unknown (Please post a comment if you have the answer)
- Inconsistent requirements management
- Poor initial program formulation
- Excessive technical management investment
- Increasing system complexity
- Workforce turbulence
All of the following are true about the scope of Systems Engineering EXCEPT:
Answer:
- It is a management but not a technical discipline
- It helps to unify the technical vision of a product
- It encompasses the entire technical effort
- It is comprised of a logical sequence of processes and activities
Which one of the following is likely NOT to be cited as one of the challenges facing Systems Engineering within the DoD?
Answer:
- Excessive investment in technical management (Thanks again for your help on this one William)
- Lack of the awareness of the importance of Systems Engineering
- Insufficient Systems Engineering tools
Which one of the following best summarizes the DoD’s viewpoint on the scope of Systems Engineering?
Answer:
- Unknown (Please post a comment if you have the answer)
- Systems Engineering is what a person with a titled position of "Systems Engineer” does
Key aspects of the DoD’s definition of Systems Engineering include all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer:
- Excludes people or process solutions
- An interdisciplinary approach
- Aims for total lifecycle balanced solutions
- Encompasses the entire technical effort
Key parts of the DoD's definition of Systems Engineering include all of the following except _____.
Answer:
- Performed only by defense contractors
Which one of the following best summarizes how the DoD views Systems Engineering?
Answer:
- Systems Engineering is a multidisciplinary approach that defines the total technical effort needed to realize system products and sustain their life cycle services.
Which of the following statements about the scope of Systems Engineering is true?
Answer:
- All:
- It helps to unify the technical vision of a product.
- It is a technical discipline.
- It encompasses the entire technical effort.
- It is comprised of a logical sequence of processes and activities.
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